Com descriure les ortofotos digitals? El procés de normalització de les metadades per a les ortofotos de l'ICC

En un món cada vegada més global, la informació geogràfica digital esdevé un instrument bàsic per a l'intercanvi de coneixement. En aquest sentit la producció geogràfica ha crescut arreu gràcies a les noves tècniques cartogràfiques. Aquests nous volums d'informació han d'usar llenguatges i vocabularis adequats per poder-se comprendre, complementar i enriquir entre programadors, productors i usuaris. Per complir amb l'objectiu de major comprensió geogràfica, l'Àrea de Teledetecció està treballant per elaborar les descripcions estandarditzades de les ortofotos, així com de les dades i processos que intervenen en la producció i la seva posterior difusió. Són el que s'anomena metadades. Sota un criteri d'implantació gradual, s'ha començat establint les metadades bàsiques definides per la norma internacional ISO 19115 i altres normes afins i, d'altra banda, s'ha optat per continuar cercant totes aquelles metadades rellevants de les ortofotos per la seva futura difusió

Ground-based hyperspectral analysis of the urban nightscape

Airborne hyperspectral cameras provide the basic information to estimate the energy wasted skywards by outdoor lighting systems, as well as to locate and identify their sources. However, a complete characterization of the urban light pollution levels also requires evaluating these effects from the city dwellers standpoint, e.g. the energy waste associated to the excessive illuminance on walls and pavements, light trespass, or the luminance distributions causing potential glare, to mention but a few. On the other hand, the spectral irradiance at the entrance of the human eye is the primary input to evaluate the possible health effects associated with the exposure to artificial light at night, according to the more recent models available in the literature. In this work we demonstrate the possibility of using a hyperspectral imager (routinely used in airborne campaigns) to measure the ground-level spectral radiance of the urban nightscape and to retrieve several magnitudes of interest for light pollution studies. We also present the preliminary results from a field campaign carried out in the downtown of Barcelona.Postprint (author's final draft

Monitoring and optimal management approaches to reduce water and energy consumption in milk processing processes

This paper proposes a methodology for the monitoring and optimal management of milk processing processes to reduce water and energy consumption. First, the key variables that should be measured to characterize the water/energy consumption are identified. Then, a monitoring system that is integrated with the current SCADA system already deployed in the production process has been developed that is able to evaluate the energy consumptions not directly computed from the available sensors. From real historical measurement records of the different subprocesses, their efficiency is determined. This information is used for developing an optimal management system that allows reducing the water/energy consumption. The work presented in this paper has been developed in the context of the European project named EnReMilk that aims to introduce significant water and energy in several milk processing processes by the introduction of new processing and management technologies. The assessment the proposed approach is based on the comparison with the current baseline consumptions.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

Optimal batch scheduling of a multiproduct dairy process using a combined optimization/constraint programming approach

This paper presents the optimal batch scheduling of a multi-product dairy process using an approach that combines optimization and constraint programming techniques. A suitable model describing the subprocesses and production rules is developed allowing to obtain scheduling constraints relating the production process and the machines available together with their relative efficiencies. After the scheduling problem has been formulated, the batch scheduling of a real powder milk/yogurt process is obtained in an optimal manner using the proposed approach with the objective of meeting customers’ deadlines considering the efficiencies/costs of available alternative machines. Results using real consumer orders on some representative scenarios corresponding to the dairy production plant used as a case study are provided. This application shows a formulation closer to the engineering problem description thanks to the constraint-based language that facilitates the adaptation of the optimization objectives and constraints to real applications.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

Diseño y validación del protocolo de medida para el espectrorradiómetro Ocean Optics USB2000+ en aplicaciones con sensores aeroportados y a bordo de satélite

Las medidas de campo obtenidas mediante espectrorradiómetros son una pieza clave para el trabajo en sinergia con imágenes de sensores aeroportados y a bordo de satélite. Sin embargo, existe muy poca información sobre los detalles técnicos de su funcionamiento. El objetivo de este estudio es establecer y validar el protocolo de medida óptimo de un espectrorradiómetro que opera en espectro visible e infrarrojo cercano. Consideramos el protocolo a seguir para la medida en el campo de reflectividades de objetos naturales y artificiales, y lo validamos con medidas hiperespectrales capturadas simultáneamente por sensores aeroportados. El espectrorradiómetro utilizado es el Ocean Optics USB2000+ (200-1100nm) y los sensores aeroportados son CASI-550 (410-962 nm) y AISA Eagle II (406-994nm)

Interferometría SAR en las islas Shetlend del Sur: modelo numérico de elevaciones de la Isla Decepción

La interferometría con imágenes de radar de apertura sintética (SAR: Synthetic Aperture Radar) desde satélite es una técnica que permite obtener información altimétrica del relieve terrestre, siendo especialmente útil en áreas remotas. Este trabajo muestra una aplicación de esta técnica en las islas Shetland del Sur (Antártida). Para ello se han utilizado imágenes SAR obtenidas por los satélites ERS (European Remote Sensing) de la Agencia Espacial Europea (ESA: European Space Agency) y un proceso interferométrico desarrollado entre el Departament de Geodinàmica i Geofísica de la Universitat de Barcelona y el Institut Cartogràfic de Catalunya

Multiresolution-based image fusion with additive wavelet decomposition

The standard data fusion methods may not be satisfactory to merge a high-resolution panchromatic image and a low-resolution multispectral image because they can distort the spectral characteristics of the multispectral data. The authors developed a technique, based on multiresolution wavelet decomposition, for the merging and data fusion of such images. The method presented consists of adding the wavelet coefficients of the high-resolution image to the multispectral (low-resolution) data. They have studied several possibilities concluding that the method which produces the best results consists in adding the high order coefficients of the wavelet transform of the panchromatic image to the intensity component (defined as L=(R+G+B)/3) of the multispectral image. The method is, thus, an improvement on standard intensity-hue-saturation (IHS or LHS) mergers. They used the ¿a trous¿ algorithm which allows the use of a dyadic wavelet to merge nondyadic data in a simple and efficient scheme. They used the method to merge SPOT and LANDSATTM images. The technique presented is clearly better than the IHS and LHS mergers in preserving both spectral and spatial information